UNIT I RELATIONAL DATABASES

Purpose of Database System – Views of data – Data Models – Database System Architecture – Introduction to relational databases – Relational Model – Keys – Relational Algebra – SQL fundamentals – Advanced SQL features – Embedded SQL– Dynamic SQL

UNIT II DATABASE DESIGN

Entity-Relationship model – E-R Diagrams – Enhanced-ER Model – ER-to-Relational Mapping – Functional Dependencies – Non-loss Decomposition – First, Second, Third Normal Forms, Dependency Preservation – Boyce/Codd Normal Form – Multi-valued Dependencies and Fourth Normal Form – Join Dependencies and Fifth Normal Form

UNIT III TRANSACTIONS

Transaction Concepts – ACID Properties – Schedules – Serializability – Transaction support in SQL – Need for Concurrency – Concurrency control –Two Phase Locking- Timestamp – Multiversion – Validation and Snapshot isolation– Multiple Granularity locking – Deadlock Handling – Recovery Concepts – Recovery based on deferred and immediate update – Shadow paging – ARIES Algorithm

UNIT IV IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUES

RAID – File Organization – Organization of Records in Files – Data dictionary Storage – Column Oriented Storage– Indexing and Hashing –Ordered Indices – B+ tree Index Files – B tree Index Files – Static Hashing – Dynamic Hashing – Query Processing Overview – Algorithms for Selection, Sorting and join operations – Query optimization using Heuristics - Cost Estimation.

UNIT V ADVANCED TOPICS

Distributed Databases: Architecture, Data Storage, Transaction Processing, Query processing and optimization – NOSQL Databases: Introduction – CAP Theorem – Document Based systems – Key value Stores – Column Based Systems – Graph Databases. Database Security: Security issues – Access control based on privileges – Role Based access control – SQL Injection – Statistical Database security – Flow control – Encryption and Public Key infrastructures – Challenges